1.
Duncan, B., Miller, S. (2004). The Partners for Change Outcome
Management System. Institute for the Study of Therapeutic Change.
Copyright 2004 PCOMS International Inc.
Duncan, B., &
Miller, S., & Sparks, J. (2004). The heroic client: A revolutionary
way to improve effectiveness through client directed, outcome informed
therapy (revised ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Miller,
S., Duncan, D., Brown, J., Sorrell, R., & Chalk, MB. (2006). Using
formal client feedback to improve retention and outcome: Making
ongoing, real-time assessment feasible. Journal of Brief Therapy, 5(2),
5-22.
2. Brown, J., Dreis, S., & Nace, D.K.
(1999). What really makes a difference in psychotherapy outcome? Why
does managed care want to know? In M.A. Hubble, B.L. Duncan, & S.D.
Miller (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp.
389– 406). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Haas,
E., Hill, R. D., Lambert, M. J., Morrell, B. (2002). Do early
responders to psychotherapy maintain treatment gains? Journal of
Clinical Psychology, 58, 1157-1172.
Hansen, N.B., &
Lambert, M.J. (2003). An evaluation of the dose-response relationship
in naturalistic treatment settings using survival analysis. Mental
Health Services Research, 5, 1-12.
Howard, K.I., Moras, K.,
Brill, P.L., Martinovich, Z., & Lutz, W. (1996). Evaluation of
psychotherapy: Efficacy, effectiveness, and patient progress. American
Psychologist, 51, 1059–1064.
Smith, M.L., Glass, G.V.,
& Miller, T.I. (1980). The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore:
The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Whipple, J.L., Lambert,
M.J., Vermeersch, D.A., Smart, D.W., Nielsen, S.L., Hawkins, E.J.
(2003). Improving the effects of psychotherapy: The use of early
identification of treatment and problem-solving strategies in routine
practice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 59-68
3.
Elkin, I. (1994). The NIMH treatment of depression collaborative
research program: Where we began and where we are. In A. E. Bergin
& S. L. Garfield (eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior
Change (4th ed.). New York: Wiley, 114-142.
Krupnick, J.
L., Sotsky, S. M., Simmens, S., Moyher, J., Elkin, I., Watkins, J.,
& Pilkonis, P. A. (1996). The role of the therapeutic alliance in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome: Findings in the National
Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative
Research Project. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64,
532-539.
Miller, S.D., Duncan, B.L., & Hubble, M.A.
(1997). Escape from Babel: Toward a unifying language for psychotherapy
practice. New York: Norton.
Miller, S.D., Hubble, M.A.,
& Duncan, B.L. (2007). Supershrinks: Learning from the field’s most
effective practitioners. The Psychotherapy Networker, 31(6), 26-35, 56.
Wampold, B.E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Wampold,
B. E., & Brown, G. S. (2005). Estimating variability in outcomes
attributable to therapists: A naturalistic study of outcomes in managed
care." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73 (5), 914-23.
4. Lambert,
M. J., Whipple, J., Smart, D., Vermeersch, D., Nielsen, S., &
Hawkins, E. (2001). The effects of providing therapists with feedback
on patient progress during psychotherapy: Are outcomes enhanced?
Psychotherapy Research, 11 (1), 49–68.
Miller S., Duncan,
B., Brown, J, Sorrell, R., & Chalk, M. (2007). Using formal client
feedback to improve outcome and retention. Journal of Brief Therapy, 5,
19-28.
Miller, S.D., Duncan, B.L., & Hubble, M.A.
(2004). Beyond Integration: the Triumph of outcome over process in
clinical practice. Psychotherapy in Australia. 10 (2), 2-19.
Whipple,
J.L., Lambert, M.J., Vermeersch, D.A., Smart, D.W., Nielsen, S.L.,
Hawkins, E.J. (2003). Improving the effects of psychotherapy: The use
of early identification of treatment and problem-solving strategies in
routine practice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 59-68.
5. Miller, S., Duncan, B., Brown, J., Sparks, J., & Claud, D. (2003). The Outcome Rating Scale:
A preliminary study of reliability, validity, and feasibility of a
brief visual analogue measure. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2, 91-100.
Duncan, B., Miller, S., Sparks, J, Claud, D., Reynolds. L., Brown, J., & Johnson, L. (2003). The Session Rating Scale: Preliminary psychometric properties of a “working” alliance measure. Journal of Brief Therapy, 3, 3-12.
Duncan, B., Sparks, J., Miller, S., Bohanske, R., & Claud, D. (2006). Giving youth a voice:
A preliminary study of the reliability and validity of a brief outcome
measure for children, adolescents, and caretakers. Journal of Brief
Therapy, 5(2), 66-82.
6. We also review functional
assessment scores (CAFAS or CANS), but these tools are not designed for
use in session. They were developed to inform level-of-care decisions.
They do not measure the therapeutic alliance, or week-to-week
progress. For in-session use, feasibility is critical. Two studies
have found high rates of compliance for therapists using CDOI rating
scales:
Miller S., Duncan, B., Brown, J, Sorrell, R.,
& Chalk, M. (2007). Using formal client feedback to improve outcome
and retention. Journal of Brief Therapy, 5, 19-28.
Miller,
S., Duncan, B., Brown, J., Sparks, J., & Claud, D. (2003). The
Outcome Rating Scale: A preliminary study of reliability, validity,
and feasibility of a brief visual analogue measure. Journal of Brief
Therapy, 2, 91-100.
7. Miller, S.D., Duncan, B.L.,
& Hubble, M.A. (1997). Escape from Babel: Toward a unifying
language for psychotherapy practice. New York: Norton.
Duncan,
B., & Miller, S., & Sparks, J. (2004). The heroic client: A
revolutionary way to improve effectiveness through client directed,
outcome informed therapy (revised ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hubble,
M.A., Duncan, B.L., & Miller, S.D. (1999c). Directing attention to
what works. In M.A. Hubble, B.L. Duncan, and S.D. Miller (eds). The
Heart and Soul of Change: What Works in Therapy. Washington, D.C.: APA
press, 407-448.
8. Asay, T.P., & Lambert, M.J.
(1999). The empirical case for the common factors in therapy:
Quantitative findings. In M.A. Hubble, B.L. Duncan, & S.D. Miller
(Eds.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp.
33–56). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Dennis,
M. Godley, S., Diamond, G., Tims, F. Babor, T. Donaldson, J., Liddle,
H. Titus, J., Kaminer, Y., Webb, C., Hamilton, N., Funk, R. (2004). The
cannibas youth treatment (CYT) study: Main findings from two randomized
trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 97– 213.
Duncan,
Miller, and Sparks (2007, p. 37) describe the results of several
well-designed, large-scale studies that fail to find evidence for the
superiority of any particular treatment:
Ushering in
the age of the RCT (randomized controlled trial), the landmark
Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Project (TDCRP) (Elkin
et al., 1989) assigned 250 depressed participants randomly to four
different conditions : cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy,
antidepressants, and, a pill placebo plus clinical management. . .the
four treatments -- including placebo -- achieved about the same
results. . . .the cannabis youth treatment (CYT) study found that
neither the best practice nor researched based intervention was
superior (Godley, Jones, Funk, Ives, & Passetti, 2004). Finally, an
enormous real-world study conducted by Human Affairs International of
over 2000 therapists and 20,000 clients revealed no differences in
outcome among thirteen approaches, including medication, as well as
family therapy and child approaches (Brown et al., 1999). The
preponderance of the data, therefore, indicate a lack of specific
effects and refute any claim of superiority when two or more bona fide
treatments intended to be therapeutic are compared.
Duncan,
B.L., Miller, S.D., & Sparks, J. (2007). Common factors and the
uncommon heroism of youth. Psychotherapy in Australia, 13 (2), 34-43.
Shadish,
W. R., & Baldwin, S. A. (2002). Meta-analysis of MFT interventions.
In D.H. Sprenkle (Ed.). Effectiveness Research in Marriage and Family
Therapy (pp. 339–370). Alexandria, VA: American Association for
Marriage and Family Therapy.
9. Duncan, B.L., Miller,
S.D., & Sparks, J. (2007). Common factors and the uncommon heroism
of youth. Psychotherapy in Australia, 13 (2), 34-43.
Lambert,
M.J., Whipple, J.L., Hawkins, E.J., Vermeersch, D.A., Nielsen, S.L.,
& Smart, D.W. (2003). Is it time for clinicians to routinely track
patient outcome? A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science &
Practice, 10, 288–301.
10. As Barry Duncan points out in “Evidence-based practice (EDP) talking points”:
“While
a few studies have reported a favorable finding for one approach or
another, the amount of studies finding differences are no more than one
would expect from chance. For example, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT) proponents often point to 15 comparisons showing an advantage for
CBT -- however, there are 2985 comparisons that show no difference
(Wampold, 2001).”
Wampold, B.E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11.
Duncan, B., Miller, S. (2004). The Partners for Change Outcome
Management System. Institute for the Study of Therapeutic Change.
Copyright 2004 PCOMS International Inc.
Duncan, B., &
Miller, S., & Sparks, J. (2004). The heroic client: A revolutionary
way to improve effectiveness through client directed, outcome informed
therapy (revised ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Miller,
S., Duncan, D., Brown, J., Sorrell, R., & Chalk, MB. (2006). Using
formal client feedback to improve retention and outcome: Making
ongoing, real-time assessment feasible. Journal of Brief Therapy, 5(2),
5-22.
12. Hubble, M.A., Duncan, B.L., & Miller,
S.D. (1999a). Introduction. In M.A. Hubble, B.L. Duncan, and S.D.
Miller (eds). The Heart and Soul of Change: What Works in Therapy.
Washington, D.C.: APA press, 1-32.
Miller, S.D., Duncan,
B.L., & Hubble, M.A. (2004). Beyond Integration: the Triumph of
Outcome Over Process in Clinical Practice. Psychotherapy in Australia.
10 (2), 2-19.
